Showing posts with label animation fun. Show all posts
Showing posts with label animation fun. Show all posts

Sunday, February 22, 2009

Maze History

This is the html version of the file http://www.davisfarmland.com/megamaze/images/history.pdf.
Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.
A SHORT HISTORY OF MAZES
Mazes go back in history at least 4,000 years For the first 3,000 years they
consisted of a single, convoluted path without junctions, or unicursal
Labyrinths. These labyrinths were not puzzles, but were for ritual walking,
running and processions.
In Greek mythology, the Minotaur lived within the Cretan Labyrinth and was
finally killed by Theseus to break the domination of King Minos of Knossos
over the city of Athens. The Romans used the labyrinth motif in mosaic
pavements throughout the Roman Empire, often using the image of Theseus
slaying the Minotaur at the centre.
Different labyrinth traditions have developed elsewhere in Europe. Over 600
stone labyrinths line the Scandinavian shores of the Baltic Sea, with over half
of them in Sweden. Many are said to have been built by fishermen who
walked through them in the hope of a good catch and a safe return. Others
have names that link them to courtship, fertility and the birth of new life, such
as Julian's Bower, Maiden's Bower and Trojaborg.
England contains many unicursal turf mazes, some dating back to the Dark
Ages when they may have been created by Nordic invaders and settlers. In
Germany, unicursal turf mazes were used for ritual procession by young men
as they reached adulthood.
In 13,h century France, Medieval Christian pavement mazes were laid in the
floors of cathedrals, with names such as Chemin de Jerusalem, reflecting
recent journeys of the Crusadesniper maze 001s. The design was cruciform an
d had 13 rings
of paths. During the walk along its path, the supplicant would contemplate the
thread of time and the Path of Life through death to salvation. Many English
turf mazes are thought to have been re-cut later to this design, to banish their
earlier Pagan connections.
During the Middle Ages, formal gardens became established throughout
Europe, Puzzle hedge mazes became an amusement of kings and princes,
and to start with were found only at the wealthiest palaces. The Renaissance
movement began in Italy in the 16"1 century and its influence spread across
Europe. This included the use of formal hedges within gardens, with clipped
topiary and hedge mazes. The Dutch became especially keen on hedge
mazes, and William II built the famous 1690 hedge maze at Hampton Court
Palace in England. Several mazes were built in Germany, where they are
called Irrgarten, literally "Error Garden".
0 200 I Copynfihl Adrian FisSor I
The Victorians built many new hedge mazes in both parks for general public
amusement and in private gardens. During the 20th century, the two world
wars meant many gardens throughout Europe got neglected and many mazes
were lost forever.
Today, more mazes are being built than at any time in their history,
particularly in Britain, Japan and the United States. Britain now has over 125
mazes open to the public, compared with just 42 in 1980. British mazes
reflect the country's strong landscape and gardening tradition and are
remarkably diverse.
Hedge mazes are particularly distinctive to Britain, whilst other mazes are
made of turf, brick, stone, wood and water. Indoor mosaic, marble, stained-
glass and mirror mazes can be found. Symbolism in maze design has been
pioneered in Britain and many mazes portray images in various ways. Often
there are hidden meanings to find, as well as the goal of the puzzle to
discover. The Archbishop's Maze at Greys Court abounds in Christian
symbolism, with stone inscriptions, emblematic crosses and meaningful
proportions. The Bath Festival Maze has a magnificent central mosaic full of
allusions to the city of Bath.
Britain's most notable hedge maze is probably the Leeds Castle Maze near
Maidstone in Kent, complete with central mound, underground grotto and 90
foot exit tunnel. The Darwin Maze at Edinburgh Zoo uses hedges, Foaming
Fountain Gates, Bridges, decorative paving and other effects to convey
mazes picture for close up maze of eyes
Darwin's Theory of Evolution in a highly imaginative way.
In the Netherlands, the giant hedge maze at Three Lands Point near Vaals
contains 3 bridges and 9 foaming fountain gates to make a remarkable three-
dimensional puzzle.
Britain's finest mirror maze is the Magical Mirror Maze at Wookey Hole Caves,
near Wells in Somerset. At the goal, one hundred fountain jets dance to the
tonal variations in the music and musical effects add to the experience. The
Labyrinthe des Dragons, the Egyptian themed Mirror Maze at Peaugres Safari
Park near Lyons, France, contains live crocodiles, pythons, scorpions and
bats, as well as walls of aquarium fish.
Lord Bath's personal enthusiasm for mazes has made Longleat House in
Wiltshire the maze mecca of England. His giant hedge maze was opened in
1978 and has since been followed by a Labyrinth of Love, a Sun Maze and a
Moon Maze. Other mazes are planned for the estate.
The Jersey Water Maze at St Helier in the Channel Islands is another British
maze innovation, with over 200 water jets changing the design of the maze
from second to second.
America has a long and extensive maze tradition and its most famous hedge
maze is at Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, planted in the grounds of the
Governor's Palace in 1935 as part of the historic recreation.
The Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Florida has one of Americas
finest decorative brick pavement mazes, entitled "Theseus Slaying the
Minotaur". It measures 64 x 44 ft and formed part of Adrian Fisher's one-man
maze exhibition held at the Norton Museum in 1997.
America has several elaborate mirror mazes and wooden fence mazes. Most
distinctively, America has been the startingmazes picture for close up maze of eyes point for a completely new form of
maze - the cornfield Maize Maze. Three of these, each designed by Adrian
Fisher, have successively broken the record for the world's largest maze as
recognised by the Guinness Book of World Records - in 1993 at Annville,
Pennsylvania, in 1995 at Shippensburg, Pennsylvania and in 1996 in
Dearborn, Michigan. From the first one in 1993, there have been more new
Maize Mazes each summer, each surviving for just one season and allowing
their wonderful and elaborate designs to decorate the landscape on an
unprecedented scale.

Getting to college a maze Students get help with aid forms as economy worsens J. Peder Zane - Staff Writer


Getting to college a maze

Students get help with aid forms as economy worsens

- Staff Writer

Esha Hickson knows that dreams must be grounded in reality. She hasn't just imagined herself becoming a doctor some day; she's worked hard to earn straight A's at Knightdale High School.

Now she fears that the nightmare of the recession may smother her hopes. "College is so expensive and money is so tight, I'm really afraid," the soft-spoken senior said Saturday at Meredith College. "I will never give up, but it's going to be a huge struggle."

Hickson was one of an estimated 4,000 students who visited Meredith and 64 other locations across the state Saturday for help filling out their Free Application for Federal Student Aid. The eight-page form is the first step college-bound students must take as they try to cobble together a package of grants, loans and scholarships to help pay for college.

Reflecting the tough economic times, applications for federal financial aid in North Carolina have risen 29 percent so far this year, according to the College Foundation of North Carolina, a FAFSA sponsor that helps students with filling out the applications and finding loans.

Prospective collegians face a particularly daunting environment. In response to budgetary pressures, many colleges and universities have raised prices. Earlier this month, the UNC system's Board of Governors increased tuition and fees for in-state students by an average of 3.9 percent across its 16 campuses.

The baby boom of the '80s and '90s and the influx of immigrants mean that the number of high school students is steadily rising.

Rising unemployment and the falling stock market have also made it harder for families to foot those bills. The College Foundation reports that contributions to its college savings program -- the NC 529 program -- have decreased while the number of families withdrawing those monies for purpose other than college has doubled.

As a result, many more families are asking for help. Requests for aid at UNC-Chapel Hill were up 13 percent this year, according to Shirley Ort, director of scholarships and aid. She expects that to grow 15 percent more this year.

Ort said 35 percent of UNC-CH students now receive need-based aid to cover tuition and fees, which will reach $5,456 next year.

The percentage is even higher at Meredith College, a private women's college where annual tuition and fees are $30,290. Sixty-five percent of Meredith students receive need-based aid, and 95 percent of all students receive some sort of assistance, said Sandra Rhyne, the school's director for scholarships.

click here for mazes

Rhyne and Ort both stressed that people should not assume that they wouldn't qualify for aid. At UNC-CH, the median income of a family of four receiving need-based aid this year is $50,300, Ort said.

Although the eight-page FAFSA can seem forbidding, many of the 200 families who showed up at Meredith College on Saturday said it took less than 30 minutes to fill it out.

"As long as you have the right documents, like your tax forms, brokerage and savings account information, it's not so bad,' said Danny Wim of Morrisville, whose daughter Eunice will attend Duke University next year. Rhyne of Meredith College said the financial aid officers at most schools are happy to walk people through the process.

North Carolinians can find the FAFSA and receive help filling it out from the College Foundation's Web site, cfnc.org, or by calling 866-866-2343.

Completing the form is only the start of the journey. As they sat together in a Meredith College classroom Saturday, Brandon Salig's family insisted that he type in all the information in the FAFSA form. His parents said they will do everything they can to help the senior at Wake Forest-Rolesville High School realize his dream of studying music at Western Carolina University. But they want him to be fully aware of the economic realities that involves.

"This is a big deal, and he knows that," said his stepfather Marlon Mitchell. "But seeing exactly how big a deal it is will drive it home."

peder.zane@newsobserver.com or 919-829-4773

Comics, crosswords and coupons... only in The N&O print edition. Subscribe Now!